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[经验交流] [转帖]超超临界发电技术:我国火力发电发展的选择

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发表于 2007-12-19 15:43:26 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
<><SPAN><STRONG>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 超超临界发电技术:我国火力发电发展的选择</STRONG></SPAN></P>
<><SPAN><SPAN>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 能源是人类社会发展的重要基础资源,世界能源需求量持续增大,环境污染加重和环保压力加</SPAN><SPAN>大,世界能源消费向清洁化、高效化发展</SPAN><SPAN>[1,2]</SPAN><SPAN>。目前我国电力工业结构性矛盾突出,装机中高效、清</SPAN><SPAN>洁的火电机组比例偏低,常规小火电机组比例过大,单机容量偏小,</SPAN><SPAN>125MW </SPAN><SPAN>以下机组占总装机容量</SPAN><SPAN>的</SPAN><SPAN>33.9%</SPAN><SPAN>,</SPAN><SPAN>100MW </SPAN><SPAN>以下机组占</SPAN><SPAN>26.4%</SPAN><SPAN>,</SPAN><SPAN>50MW </SPAN><SPAN>以下机组占</SPAN><SPAN>17.1%</SPAN><SPAN>,这些机组不仅降低了经济效益,</SPAN><SPAN>同时也增加了污染物排放量。</SPAN><SPAN>2004 </SPAN><SPAN>年,全国发电装机达到</SPAN><SPAN>440700 </SPAN><SPAN>兆瓦,其中,水电约占总容量</SPAN><SPAN>24.57%</SPAN><SPAN>,</SPAN><SPAN>火电约占总容量</SPAN><SPAN>73.72%</SPAN><SPAN>,核电达到约占总容量的</SPAN><SPAN>1.59%</SPAN><SPAN>,火电机组中</SPAN><SPAN>30 </SPAN><SPAN>万千瓦及以上机组</SPAN><SPAN>394 </SPAN><SPAN>台,</SPAN><SPAN>占火电装机容量的</SPAN><SPAN>43.76%</SPAN><SPAN>,超临界机组只占</SPAN><SPAN>4.19%[3]</SPAN><SPAN>,据统计,燃煤发电产生的灰渣约占全国灰渣</SPAN><SPAN><BR></SPAN><SPAN>的</SPAN><SPAN>70%</SPAN><SPAN>,烟尘排放占工业排放的</SPAN><SPAN>33%</SPAN><SPAN>,二氧化硫排放占工业排放的</SPAN><SPAN>56%</SPAN><SPAN>。我国一次能源以煤为主的</SPAN><SPAN>格局在很长时期内不会改变,能源供应将维持以煤为主,我国将面临严峻的经济与资源、环境与发</SPAN><SPAN>展的挑战,急需一种相对燃煤污染排放小、发电效率高的洁净煤发电技术,实现可持续发展的重要</SPAN><SPAN>任务。</SPAN><SPAN><BR><BR></SPAN></SPAN></P>
 楼主| 发表于 2007-12-19 15:44:24 | 显示全部楼层
< class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN>1 </SPAN><SPAN>超临界机组的发展</SPAN><SPAN><BR></SPAN><SPAN>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 一般将主蒸汽压力大于</SPAN><SPAN>27MPa</SPAN><SPAN>、温度大于</SPAN><SPAN>580</SPAN><SPAN>℃</SPAN><SPAN>的机组称为超超临界机组,国外超超临界技术</SPAN><SPAN>[4,5]</SPAN><SPAN>从上世纪</SPAN><SPAN>50 </SPAN><SPAN>年代就开始了。美国于</SPAN><SPAN>1957 </SPAN><SPAN>年投运的第一台</SPAN><SPAN>125MW </SPAN><SPAN>超临界机组的参数为</SPAN><SPAN>31MPa/621</SPAN><SPAN>℃</SPAN><SPAN>/566</SPAN><SPAN>℃</SPAN><SPAN>/560</SPAN><SPAN>℃</SPAN><SPAN>,</SPAN><SPAN>1958 </SPAN><SPAN>年投运的</SPAN><SPAN>325MW </SPAN><SPAN>机组的参数为</SPAN><SPAN>34.4MPa/649</SPAN><SPAN>℃</SPAN><SPAN>/566</SPAN><SPAN>℃</SPAN><SPAN>/566</SPAN><SPAN>℃</SPAN><SPAN>,由于</SPAN><SPAN>蒸汽参数过高,当时的金属材料性能达不到要求,运行中出现了很多问题,只能降低参数运行,以</SPAN><SPAN>后美国的超临界机组多采用</SPAN><SPAN>24.1MPa</SPAN><SPAN>,主蒸汽温度为</SPAN><SPAN>538</SPAN><SPAN>℃</SPAN><SPAN>。到</SPAN><SPAN>80 </SPAN><SPAN>年代初,美国超临界机组达</SPAN><SPAN>170</SPAN><SPAN>余台,占燃煤机组的</SPAN><SPAN>70%</SPAN><SPAN>以上,其中单机容量大于</SPAN><SPAN>500MW </SPAN><SPAN>机组占的总装机的</SPAN><SPAN>70%</SPAN><SPAN>以上,最大单机</SPAN><SPAN>容量为</SPAN><SPAN>1300MW</SPAN><SPAN>,也是迄今世界上最大单机容量机组,至</SPAN><SPAN>1994 </SPAN><SPAN>年共安装投运了</SPAN><SPAN>9 </SPAN><SPAN>台</SPAN><SPAN>1300MW </SPAN><SPAN>的超</SPAN><SPAN>临界机组。</SPAN><SPAN><BR><BR></SPAN></P>
 楼主| 发表于 2007-12-19 15:45:11 | 显示全部楼层
<SPAN>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 前苏联是当时拥有超临界机组最多的国家。</SPAN><SPAN>1963 </SPAN><SPAN>年,第一台</SPAN><SPAN>300MW </SPAN><SPAN>超临界机组投入运行,机</SPAN><SPAN>组参数为</SPAN><SPAN>23.5MPa/580</SPAN><SPAN>℃</SPAN><SPAN>/565</SPAN><SPAN>℃</SPAN><SPAN>,和美国一样在运行中出现了很多问题,后经改进和完善,机组的蒸</SPAN><SPAN>汽温度降为</SPAN><SPAN>540</SPAN><SPAN>℃</SPAN><SPAN>/540</SPAN><SPAN>℃</SPAN><SPAN>,可靠性得到了提高。前苏联所有</SPAN><SPAN>300MW </SPAN><SPAN>及以上容量的机组全部采用超临</SPAN><SPAN>界参数,由于前苏联大量采用超临界机组,火电机组的平均供电煤耗居世界前列,达到</SPAN><SPAN>326g/KWh</SPAN><SPAN>。</SPAN><SPAN>前苏联发展超临界技术以自我开发为主,经过长期的研究已具有比较完整的超临界技术和产品系列,</SPAN><SPAN>目前俄罗斯研制的新一代超超临界机组采用的参数为</SPAN><SPAN>28</SPAN><SPAN>~</SPAN><SPAN>30MPa</SPAN><SPAN>、</SPAN><SPAN>580</SPAN><SPAN>~</SPAN><SPAN>600</SPAN><SPAN>℃</SPAN><SPAN>。</SPAN><SPAN><BR><BR></SPAN>
 楼主| 发表于 2007-12-19 15:46:05 | 显示全部楼层
<SPAN>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 德国是研究和制造超临界机组最早的国家之一,从上世纪</SPAN><SPAN>60 </SPAN><SPAN>年代开始发展超临界机组,初期容</SPAN><SPAN>量较小。</SPAN><SPAN>1972 </SPAN><SPAN>年投运了一台</SPAN><SPAN>430MW </SPAN><SPAN>的超临界机组,</SPAN><SPAN>1979 </SPAN><SPAN>年投运了一台</SPAN><SPAN>475MW </SPAN><SPAN>二次再热机组,</SPAN><SPAN>1999</SPAN><SPAN>年投运的</SPAN><SPAN>900MW </SPAN><SPAN>机组蒸汽参数为,目前德国已投运和再建的超超临界机组近</SPAN><SPAN>20 </SPAN><SPAN>台。</SPAN><SPAN><BR></SPAN><SPAN>日本发展超超临界技术比较晚,采用引进、仿制、创新的技术路线,先从国外引进成熟机组和</SPAN><SPAN>制造技术,组织力量进行技术消化和仿制,然后结合日本的技术特点进行设计、生产。</SPAN>
 楼主| 发表于 2007-12-19 15:47:12 | 显示全部楼层
<SPAN>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;日本在</SPAN><SPAN>1967</SPAN><SPAN>年第一台超临界的</SPAN><SPAN>600MW </SPAN><SPAN>机组系从美国引进,在长崎电厂投运。此后日本的超临界压力火力发电</SPAN><SPAN>得到了迅速的发展。截止</SPAN><SPAN>1989 </SPAN><SPAN>年</SPAN><SPAN>3 </SPAN><SPAN>月,日本各大电力公司的</SPAN><SPAN>48 </SPAN><SPAN>个主要火电厂的总装机容量</SPAN><SPAN>75870 MW</SPAN><SPAN>中,超临界压力的为</SPAN><SPAN>49350MW</SPAN><SPAN>,占总装机量的</SPAN><SPAN>65%</SPAN><SPAN>。日本从引进机组到自己研制机组只需</SPAN><SPAN>1</SPAN><SPAN>~</SPAN><SPAN>2 </SPAN><SPAN>年</SPAN><SPAN>时间,从亚临界到超超临界,每上一个等级只需</SPAN><SPAN>3</SPAN><SPAN>~</SPAN><SPAN>4 </SPAN><SPAN>年时间。在</SPAN><SPAN>24.1MPa/538</SPAN><SPAN>℃</SPAN><SPAN>/566</SPAN><SPAN>℃</SPAN><SPAN>超临界机组</SPAN><SPAN>成熟技术的基础上,结合美国</SPAN><SPAN>EPRI </SPAN><SPAN>研究成果,成功开发了超超临界机组,第一步将蒸汽参数提高到</SPAN><SPAN>31MPa/566</SPAN><SPAN>℃</SPAN><SPAN>/566</SPAN><SPAN>℃</SPAN><SPAN>,第二步提高到</SPAN><SPAN>34MPa/595</SPAN><SPAN>℃</SPAN><SPAN>/595</SPAN><SPAN>℃</SPAN><SPAN>。</SPAN>
 楼主| 发表于 2007-12-19 15:47:50 | 显示全部楼层
<SPAN>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 日本最初的超超临界机组只提高了主蒸汽</SPAN><SPAN>压力而没有提高其温度,由于主蒸汽压力和温度不匹配,故采用两次再热技术,</SPAN><SPAN>1989 </SPAN><SPAN>和</SPAN><SPAN>1990 </SPAN><SPAN>年在</SPAN><SPAN><BR></SPAN><SPAN>川越电厂投运的两台</SPAN><SPAN>700MW </SPAN><SPAN>机组参数是两次再热的</SPAN><SPAN>31MPa/566</SPAN><SPAN>℃</SPAN><SPAN>/566</SPAN><SPAN>℃</SPAN><SPAN>/566</SPAN><SPAN>℃</SPAN><SPAN>,</SPAN><SPAN>1993 </SPAN><SPAN>年之后把蒸汽</SPAN><SPAN>温度提高到</SPAN><SPAN>595</SPAN><SPAN>℃</SPAN><SPAN>一次再热。在</SPAN><SPAN>2002 </SPAN><SPAN>年之前,日本</SPAN><SPAN>1000MW </SPAN><SPAN>机组均采用双轴形式,由东芝公司制造</SPAN><SPAN>的单轴</SPAN><SPAN>1000MW </SPAN><SPAN>机组在</SPAN><SPAN>2002 </SPAN><SPAN>年</SPAN><SPAN>11 </SPAN><SPAN>月投运。</SPAN><SPAN><BR><BR></SPAN>
 楼主| 发表于 2007-12-19 15:48:34 | 显示全部楼层
<SPAN>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 丹麦在超超临界技术应用上也是很先进的国家,在</SPAN><SPAN>1998</SPAN><SPAN>年在</SPAN><SPAN>Skaebaek</SPAN><SPAN>发电厂投产的</SPAN><SPAN>400MW</SPAN><SPAN>机组,</SPAN><SPAN>两次中间再热,蒸汽参数为</SPAN><SPAN>29MPa/582</SPAN><SPAN>℃</SPAN><SPAN>/582</SPAN><SPAN>℃</SPAN><SPAN>/582</SPAN><SPAN>℃</SPAN><SPAN>,以海水直接冷却,净效率高达</SPAN><SPAN>49</SPAN><SPAN>%,是当今</SPAN><SPAN>世界上效率最高的火电机组。</SPAN><SPAN>1999</SPAN><SPAN>年在</SPAN><SPAN>Nordjylands</SPAN><SPAN>电厂投产的</SPAN><SPAN>400MW</SPAN><SPAN>机组,使用同样的蒸汽初参数,</SPAN><SPAN>效率也高达</SPAN><SPAN>47%</SPAN><SPAN>。</SPAN><SPAN><BR><BR></SPAN>
 楼主| 发表于 2007-12-19 15:50:46 | 显示全部楼层
< class=MsoNormal><SPAN>2 </SPAN><SPAN>超超临界发电技术的优点</SPAN><SPAN><BR>2.1 </SPAN><SPAN>热效率高</SPAN><SPAN><BR></SPAN><SPAN>超超临界机组热效率高,可以达到</SPAN><SPAN>43%</SPAN><SPAN>以上,表</SPAN><SPAN>1 </SPAN><SPAN>给出了超超临界机组供电效率。</SPAN><SPAN><BR></SPAN><SPAN>表</SPAN><SPAN>1 </SPAN><SPAN>超超临界机组供电效率</SPAN><SPAN><BR></SPAN><SPAN>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 蒸汽参数</SPAN><SPAN>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; </SPAN><SPAN>供电热效率</SPAN><SPAN> %&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN><SPAN>供电煤耗率</SPAN><SPAN> g/KWh<BR>24.1MPa 538</SPAN><SPAN>℃</SPAN><SPAN>/566</SPAN><SPAN>℃</SPAN><SPAN>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; 40.94&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 300<BR>31.0Mpa 566</SPAN><SPAN>℃</SPAN><SPAN>/566</SPAN><SPAN>℃</SPAN><SPAN>/566</SPAN><SPAN>℃</SPAN><SPAN>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 42.80&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;287<BR>31.0Mpa 593</SPAN><SPAN>℃</SPAN><SPAN>/593</SPAN><SPAN>℃</SPAN><SPAN>/593</SPAN><SPAN>℃</SPAN><SPAN>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;43.1~43.3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 284~285<BR>34.5Mpa 649</SPAN><SPAN>℃</SPAN><SPAN>/593</SPAN><SPAN>℃</SPAN><SPAN>/593</SPAN><SPAN>℃</SPAN><SPAN>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;43.7~44.0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;279~281<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-comfficeffice" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
 楼主| 发表于 2007-12-19 15:51:45 | 显示全部楼层
<SPAN>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 亚临界机组</SPAN><SPAN>16.7Mpa/538</SPAN><SPAN>℃</SPAN><SPAN>/538</SPAN><SPAN>℃</SPAN><SPAN>供电热效率约为</SPAN><SPAN>38%</SPAN><SPAN>,超临界机组</SPAN><SPAN>24.1Mpa/538</SPAN><SPAN>℃</SPAN><SPAN>/538</SPAN><SPAN>℃</SPAN><SPAN>供电</SPAN><SPAN>热效率约为</SPAN><SPAN>41%</SPAN><SPAN>。超超临界机组蒸汽参数愈高,热效率也随之提高。热力循环分析表明,在超超临</SPAN><SPAN>界机组参数范围的条件下,主蒸汽压力提高</SPAN><SPAN>1Mpa</SPAN><SPAN>,机组的热耗率就可下降</SPAN><SPAN>0.13%</SPAN><SPAN>~</SPAN><SPAN>0.15%</SPAN><SPAN>;主蒸汽</SPAN><SPAN>温度每提高</SPAN><SPAN>10</SPAN><SPAN>℃</SPAN><SPAN>,机组的热耗率就可下降</SPAN><SPAN>0.25</SPAN><SPAN>~</SPAN><SPAN>0.30%</SPAN><SPAN>;再热蒸汽温度每提高</SPAN><SPAN>10</SPAN><SPAN>℃</SPAN><SPAN>,机组的热耗率</SPAN><SPAN>就可下降</SPAN><SPAN>0.15%</SPAN><SPAN>~</SPAN><SPAN>0.20%</SPAN><SPAN>。在一定的范围内,如果采用二次再热,则其热耗率可较采用一次再热的机</SPAN><SPAN>组下降</SPAN><SPAN>1.4%</SPAN><SPAN>~</SPAN><SPAN>1.6%</SPAN><SPAN>。超临界机组的热效率比亚临界高</SPAN><SPAN>2%</SPAN><SPAN>~</SPAN><SPAN>3%</SPAN><SPAN>,超超临界机组的热效率比超临界机</SPAN><SPAN>组的高约</SPAN><SPAN>2</SPAN><SPAN>~</SPAN><SPAN>4%</SPAN><SPAN>左右。</SPAN>
 楼主| 发表于 2007-12-19 15:52:30 | 显示全部楼层
<SPAN>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 据统计,</SPAN><SPAN>2002 </SPAN><SPAN>年我国平均供电煤耗为</SPAN><SPAN>383g/KWh</SPAN><SPAN>,而国际先进水平为</SPAN><SPAN>316g/KWh</SPAN><SPAN>如果我国</SPAN><SPAN>600MW </SPAN><SPAN>等级的燃煤机组采用超超临界技术,供电煤耗</SPAN><SPAN>278g/kWh</SPAN><SPAN>,比同容量亚临界机组的</SPAN><SPAN>煤耗减少</SPAN><SPAN>30 </SPAN><SPAN>克</SPAN><SPAN>/kWh</SPAN><SPAN>,按年运行</SPAN><SPAN>5500 </SPAN><SPAN>小时计算,一台</SPAN><SPAN>600MW </SPAN><SPAN>超超临界机组可比同容量亚临界机组</SPAN><SPAN><BR></SPAN><SPAN>节约标煤</SPAN><SPAN>6 </SPAN><SPAN>万吨</SPAN><SPAN>/</SPAN><SPAN>年。</SPAN><SPAN><BR><BR></SPAN>
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