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[书籍] 《Wind Energy Systems for Electric Power Generation》(PDF/书签/英文版)

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发表于 2010-5-14 16:56:00 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式

Author
Prof. Dr. Manfred Stiebler
Technical University of Berlin
Faculty of Electrical Engineering and
Computer Science
Contents
1 Role of Wind as a Renewable Energy 1
1.1 Renewable Energies and Their Application
1.1.1 Sources of Renewable Energy
1.1.2 Sources of Electrical Energy Production
1.1.3 Wind and Solar Energy
1.2 Wind Energy Contribution to Electrical Supply
1.2.1 Installed Power
1.2.2 Technical Standardization and Local issues
1.2.3 Governmental Regulations
2 Wind Turbines
2.1 General
2.2 Basics ofWind Energy Conversion
2.2.1 Power Conversion and Power Coefficient
2.2.2 Forces and Torque
2.3 Wind Regime and Utilization
2.3.1 Wind Velocity Distribution
2.3.2 Power Distribution and Energy
2.3.3 Power and Torque Characteristics
2.4 Power Characteristics and Energy Yield
2.4.1 Control and Power Limitation
2.4.2 Wind Classes
2.4.3 System Power Characteristics
2.4.4 Annual Energy Yield
3 Generators
3.1 General
3.2 Asynchronous Machines
3.2.1 Principles of Operation
3.2.2 Performance Equations and Equivalent Circuits
3.2.3 Reactive Power Compensation
3.2.4 Self-Excited Operation
3.3 Synchronous Machines
3.3.1 Principles of Operation
3.3.2 Performance Equations and Equivalent Circuits
3.3.3 Unconventional Machine Types
3.4 Generator Comparison
4 Electrical Equipment
4.1 General
4.2 Conventional Electrical Equipment
4.3 Power Electronic Converters
4.3.1 General
4.3.2 External-Commutated Inverters
4.3.3 Self-Commutated Inverters
4.3.4 Converters with Intermediate Circuits
4.3.5 D.c./d.c. Choppers
4.3.6 A.c. Power Controllers
4.4 Energy Storage Devices
4.4.1 General
4.4.2 Electrochemical Energy Storage
4.4.3 Electrical Energy Storage
4.4.4 Mechanical Energy Storage
5 Wind Energy Systems
5.1 General
5.2 Systems Overview
5.2.1 General
5.2.2 Systems Feeding into the Grid
5.2.3 Systems for Island Supply
5.2.4 Wind Pumping Systems with Electrical Power Transmission
5.3 Systems for Feeding into the Grid
5.3.1 General
5.3.2 Induction Generators for Direct Grid Coupling
5.3.3 Asynchronous Generators in Static Cascades . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
5.3.4 Synchronous Generators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
5.3.5 Examples of Commercial Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
5.4 Systems for Island Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
5.4.1 Systems in Combined Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
5.4.2 Stand-Alone Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
6 Performance and Operation Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
6.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
6.2 System Component Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
6.2.1 Model Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
6.2.2 Asynchronous Machine Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
6.2.3 Synchronous Machine Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
6.2.4 ConverterModeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
6.2.5 Modeling the Drive Train . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
6.3 System Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
6.3.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
6.3.2 Control of Systems Feeding into the Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
6.4 Basics of Operation Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
6.4.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
6.4.2 States of Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
6.4.3 Grid Fault Reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
7 Grid Integration and Power Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
7.1 Basics of Grid Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
7.1.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
7.1.2 Permissible Power Ratings for Grid Connection . . . . . . . . . . . 147
7.1.3 Power Variation and Grid Reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
7.2 Standard Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
7.2.1 Safety-Relevant Set Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
7.2.2 Reactive Power Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
7.2.3 Lightning Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
7.3 System Operator Regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
7.3.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
7.3.2 Active Power and Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
7.3.3 Reactive Power and Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
7.3.4 Short-Circuit and Fault Ride-Through . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
7.4 Power Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
7.4.1 Harmonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
7.4.2 Voltage Deviations and Flicker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
7.4.3 Audio Frequency Transmission Compatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
7.5 Noise Emission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
7.5.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
7.5.2 Sound Emission by WES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
8 Future of Wind Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
8.1 Off-Shore Wind Energy Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
8.1.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
8.1.2 Foundation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
8.1.3 Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
8.1.4 Specific Issues and Concerns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
8.2 Power Integration and Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
8.2.1 Wind Energy in Power Generation Mix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
8.2.2 Integration in Supranational Grids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
8.2.3 Outlook on 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Annex A – List of Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Annex B – List of Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Bibliography . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

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