The 21st century sees considerable growth in Naval shipbuilding around the world.
Corvettes are getting larger and faster, and Frigates are getting larger and stealthier.
Whilst Corvettes probably need relatively simple high-power propulsion systems, Frigates will require high sprint speeds, with long endurance, coupled with low on-board maintenance requirements and quiet operation. Both these ship types remain beyond the reach of current all-electric technology and will adopt either mechanical propulsion or hybrid electric-mechanical propulsion. The larger class of destroyers with sufficient size and speed to accompany the new class of capable aircraft carriers are a potential recipient for all-electric with the inherent through-life cost benefits from such a system.
Nuclear power may well attractive for very large aircraft carriers but it is by no means an obvious choice for mid-size carriers and an all gas turbine and all-electric or hybrid electric solution merits serious consideration.
Naval Propulsion Systems
Power Density is a much more significant criterion in the selection of a Naval ship propulsion system than for almost any other ship type: Naval ships have some of the highest power density requirements coupled with the highest total power requirement.
Speed plays a significant part in this application where maximum speeds of naval fighting ships are typically 10 knots or more higher than most commercial vessels.
Figure 1 illustrates the escalation of power required as speed and displacements increase.
Overlaid on this graph are the dominant propulsion system types today.
As speed and displacement and hence power increases propulsion systems and prime movers change from all-diesel to combined diesel and gas-turbine and then to all gas turbine: space constraints dominate rather than outright fuel efficiency.
Interestingly, all-electric propulsion, which should enable a larger number of smaller, less-powerful prime movers to be used is limited to a niche because today’s large motors and converters prevent wider usage.
An overlay showing the expected limits of all-electric drive using today’s compact advanced motors illustrates the difficulty for the naval ship designer.
Figure 1 - Typical Naval Combatant Powering Requirements,
Naval ship propulsion systems also have to cope with a wide range of operating scenarios.
A naval ship does not just accelerate to maximum speed and remain there until arriving at the next port. The naval ship has to be able to operate at loiter speeds of just a few knots, at cruise speeds for economic transit and at high speeds in pursuit or in emergency situations.
High power but with flexible application are key requirements for any combatant.
Figure 2
– Typical Power Speed curve and Operating Profile for combatants
Prime Movers
Naval Ship Propulsion benefited enormously from the developments in using aero derivative gas turbines to provide the motive power necessary to meet the power density requirements of surface combatants. Significant development in the nineteen sixties and seventies led to the use of 18 - 20MW Olympus and the LM2500 range of engines.
Since those times Rolls-Royce has introduced the Marine Spey initially at 12MW then with 18 and 19.5 MW versions and GE has introduced the LM2500+.
These engines were largely based on last generation gas turbine technology.
Rolls-Royce has now developed and sold the latest generation of aero-parent gas turbines into Naval vessels. The WR-21, developed from the RB-211, has been delivered to the UK Type 45 Destroyer, and the MT30, developed from the latest Trent 800 aero engine, is on order for the US DDX demonstrator programme.
Both gas turbines allow the ship designer to re-assess the propulsion systems possible in the very power dense environment of a warship.
Figure 3 Development and Introduction of Marine Gas Turbines
MT-30 36MW Marine Gas Turbine
MT 30 provides the greatest power density package at the highest available unit power ratings.
This capability lends itself to changes in propulsion system configurations.
The MT30 provides 36MW from a package of only 8.6m in length and weighing less than 25 tonnes.
The unrelenting quest for reduced cost of overall ownership and lower emissions are also facilitated through the marinisation of a modern aero engine, where these costs and environmental drivers are well known.
The MT30 engine development programme commenced in June 2000.
The aim was to design an efficient, cost effective and reliable on marine prime mover that can be configured for both mechanical and electrical drive. The aero Trent 800 was selected as the preferred parent as it offered the best combination of power, efficiency, life, proven reliability and could be developed within a reasonable cost and time scale.
The aero Trent has achieved over 3 million operating hours since entry into service in 1996.
Over 300 engines are now operating and 100 are on order.
The marine variant was designated the MT30 and would be the first marine engine based on state-of-the-art Trent technology.
The design of an aero derivative marine engine maximises retention of the aero engine power density and reliability to ensure trouble free operation.
Design changes are strictly limited to what is necessary to adapt the engine to its new environment, resulting in 80% commonality with the Trent 800, a short marinisation programme and inherent high reliability.
This engine has now been selected for the US DDX Demonstrator programme.
Figure 4 – Marine Gas Turbine- the 36MW Rolls-Royce MT30
Developing 36MW from a single lightweight gas turbine provides a significant opportunity for change in today’s Corvette and Frigate propulsion systems.
Frigates until recently have employed twin gas turbines to achieve speeds in excess of 28 knots via twin shafts.
The most popular option has been Combined Diesel Or Gas Turbine (CODOG) using two 20MW gas turbines.
Recently some ships have adopted a single gas turbine Combined Diesel And Gas Turbine (CODAG) system but with only a small increase in overall single GT power this has led to a complex multi-speed gearbox in order to combine the power of the torque limited cruise diesels, to that of a limited-power gas turbine.
Figure 5
MT 30 – Pielstick PA6B CODOG System for Corvette and Frigates
The power available from a single MT30 allows a simple CODOG system with only one Gas Turbine or matches very well with a quiet and economic Combined Diesel eLectric and Gas turbine (CODLAG) system whilst still achieving high maximum speeds.
An MT30 CODLAG system is illustrated below.
Figure 6 MT30 CODLAG
Providing the electrical power in such a hybrid electric drive ship can be achieved using either diesel generators or gas turbine alternators.
Small and compact are important characteristics as well as fuel efficiency but operational costs for naval ships considerably outweigh through life fuel costs and are largely driven by crew cost.
Consideration of whole life costs on a ship wide basis will encourage the propulsion system designer to consider whole ship and operational costs and to select small gas turbine alternators in place of diesel generators.
Rolls-Royce has delivered over a 100 AG9140 2.5MW GTAs to a number of world navies and has now introduced a 4.5MW version specifically to address all-electric and hybrid electric propulsion systems.
Figure 7 Rolls-Royce AG9140
Changes to the propulsion system configuration options have also become available for larger naval combatants.
An example is illustrated in figure 8, which shows Twin MT30 CODLAG system this time using a COTS geared electric motor where ultimate quiet operation is not a requirement. This system delivers the propulsion power necessary to propel even large combatant such as Aircraft carriers at high-speed whilst retaining flexibility through the power range.
Figure 8
Twin MT30 CODLAG
Modern large combatants require a high ship’s electrical load and are well suited to this hybrid electric system.
Twin WR-21 is ideally suited to providing the ship’s electrical load as well as the propulsion load with MT30 providing a compact and powerful boost unit in a system with a minimum of prime movers.
Whilst the 70-80MW offered by a twin mechanical or hybrid drive MT30 system is sufficient for large combatants such as Cruisers and Aircraft Carriers, many navies are now moving towards all-electric drive for these ships.
Conflicting requirements for these propulsion systems are to optimise the flexibility offered by electric transmission with the desirability of minimum prime movers.
MT30 has been selected for the US Demonstrator DDX destroyer, whilst WR-21 has now been ordered by the UK Royal Navy’s Type 45 Destroyer.
Figure 9 WR-21 based all-electric power and
propulsion system for Destroyers
The UK Royal Navy’s proposed new Aircraft Carriers the CVF is also a good candidate for all-electric drive.
Most likely the propulsion solution will be an evolution from the Type 45 destroyer.
Motor and converter drive technology will be carried over to deliver twin 40MW shafts with power most likely being developed by a mix of two WR-21 gas turbine alternators, low down in the ship, with two or three boost MT30 GTAs sited higher in the ship.
Such a system will learn from Type 45s development whilst utilising the new higher-power Gas Turbines to reduce installation impact and cost.
Figure 10 Possible all-electric aircraft carrier
WR-21
An advanced cycle gas turbine such as the WR-21 gives a part-load ‘specific fuel consumption’ (sfc) substantially closer to that of a diesel than to a conventional simple cycle gas turbine. The WR-21, recently selected to power the Type 45, is the most advanced marine gas turbine currently available, incorporating both inter-cooling and exhaust recuperation to recover waste heat and provide significant fuel savings across the engine’s entire power range.
Figure 11 – WR-21 20MW Gas Turbine Alternator Set selected for UK Type 45
The WR-21 concept was developed for naval propulsion with the validation programme being funded jointly by the United States Navy, the Royal Navy and the French Navy. Work began in December 1991 following a contract award for the design and development of an inter-cooled recuperated gas turbine engine system. The project team included Northrop Grumann Marine Systems as the system integrator, Rolls-Royce as the gas turbine provider, Honeywell as the supplier of heat exchangers and CAE as provider of the control system. The programme objectives were to design, develop and qualify a new generation of gas turbine with significant through-life cost benefits for future ship applications. These are delivered through a significant improvement in fuel efficiency, coupled with improved reliability and maintainability. The inter-cooled and recuperated (ICR) cycle offers fuel savings across the entire power range that can combine to provide up to 30% reduction in fuel burn for a typical operating profile. This resulted in a range of benefits, including reduced fuel and reduced refuelling costs, reduced emissions and importantly increased time on station. The low exhaust temperature of the recuperated cycle gives the added benefit of reducing the IR signature.
FREMM
France and Italy have agreed to collaborate on the build of 27 multi mission frigates under a programme code named FREMM (Frigate European Multi Mission). This programme, which involves the build of 17 vessels for France and 10 for Italy, is the largest of its type in Europe. The vessel design has not yet been agreed however the criteria is for a circa 5,500t frigate capable of a top speed of 27.5knts and a silent transit speed of around 15kts. There will be a mix of anti submarine warfare and littoral water patrol vessels built for both countries and these will be designed around a common platform with the possibility of some national variations. A national consortium has been set up to consolidate the design requirements of both navies and significant progress has already been made in this regard under the dual management of Armaris (50% DCN and 50% Thales) representing France and Orizzonte (51% Fincantieri and 49% Finmecanicca) representing Italy.
Rolls-Royce Naval Marine has been supporting the FREMM programme since it was established almost a year ago and for a year before that when France and Italy were looking at independent designs. Working with DCN in France and Fincantieri in Italy Rolls-Royce design engineers assisted in carrying our feasibility studies to identify suitable propulsion system designs for the frigate programmes. These studies looked at end user requirements in terms of vessel size, weight, power, speed and operational profiles before identifying the most effective way of providing power and propulsion. Consideration was given to both diesel and gas turbine prime movers in a combination of mechanical, electrical and hybrid-electric configurations.
Earlier this year, Rolls-Royce formed a partnership with DCN to offer complete propulsion systems for surface combatants in the UK and French naval domestic and export markets. FREMM is the first opportunity for the team to work together and they have recently submitted a complete propulsion system proposal based on a combined diesel and gas turbine hybrid-electric system. The prime mover in this system is the advanced cycle gas turbine WR-21, which uses state of the art technology to reduce fuel consumption. Savings of up to 30% in fuel consumption is possible using this engine and this can be directly translated into increased range for the same quantity of fuel as simple cycle gas turbines. Although designed and partly manufactured by Rolls-Royce the engine is sponsored by the French Government and is built at DCN in Indret. It is therefore very much a French engine and is of strategic importance to French naval industry due to the technology transfer and work share involved. Originally WR-21 was part manufactured in the US however this is being transferred to Europe and from next year it will be built almost entirely in Europe. Offering WR-21 advanced cycle gas turbine in a CODLAG system offers unparalleled flexibility throughout the power and speed range whether on electric or all gas turbine mode.
Figure 12 Single WR-21 CODLAG propulsion system for FREMM
As an alternative to a WR-21 based hybrid-electric propulsion system Rolls-Royce has offered an MT30 hybrid electric system, which has substantially more power than LM2500+ and WR-21. Whilst the mid range fuel benefits of WR-21 are not available with a simple cycle gas turbine, the MT30 does offer around 50% greater power than the simple cycle LM2500+. By doing this it would be possible to install WR-21 in the French Frigates and MT30 in the Italian frigates allowing two different maximum speeds within a single common hull design.
All three Gas Turbines designs have been allowed for in the common FREMM ship design.
Rolls-Royce believes that industrial workshare is an important consideration for FREMM and are proposing to set up an all European naval propulsion system manufacturing alliance with DCN in France and Fincantieri or Finmecanicca in Italy. The proposal is that the alliance would provide the propulsion systems for FREMM and offer similar technology for other national and export projects.
Summary
The 21st century sees significant developments in naval ship propulsion systems with new larger and more efficient prime movers and a greater choice than ever in transmission and propulsor.
Ultimately the selection of any system is influenced by the size, speed and operational profile of the ship but increasing options exist because of recent developments in large and medium size gas turbines and by technological developments in transmission technologies. |
发表于 2010-1-6 16:13:33
发表于 2014-11-20 11:17:03